Homeland Security Essay

The challenge to traditional policing issued in the 1970s has created a new concept of policing and that is the role of policing in homeland security. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, the federal government has shifted to a policy of homeland security, and part of that has incorporated local firefighters and local police agencies (Oliver & Hilgenberg, 2004). But the creation has a lot of inadequacies. First, so much confusion still abounds in terms of what homeland security means: is it simply being more watchful for suspicious activities, is it intelligence gathering on the part of patrol officers, or is it standing guard at possible terrorist targets in their jurisdictions? Another inadequacy is not so much determining if local police are going to play a role in this new public policy but rather what role they can play. And, beyond determining what role the police will play in homeland security, the natural extension of this is to ask who will pay. Moreover, as the public policy of homeland security is clearly a national policy issue, it would seem that the policy will be an intergovernmental one driven by the presidential administration. While there have been some intergovernmental grant programs implemented, many of these have been slow to reach the local level, raising further questions as to what role state and local police can play without the necessary resources. While it is too soon to determine how this new policy will play out in terms of policing in America, there is little doubt that this will be an active part of the public policy process in policing for years to come. As America responded quickly to the attacks by educating themselves on terrorism and demanding action from government, the president and the U. S. Congress quickly began a process of restructuring government to focus on antiterrorism (prevention techniques) and counterterrorism (how to actively respond to terrorists) measures in order to meet these new demands. The creation of the Office of Homeland Security and its subsequent passage as a cabinet-level department is an inclination that the national government is moving in this direction. In addition, many of the grants for local agencies are now centered on homeland security, and perhaps most telling is the fact that the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services had its budget slashed by the Bush administration, but the Department of Homeland Security has seen its budget allocations increase substantially. Although only time will tell if American law enforcement has entered into a new era of policing, there is little doubt that homeland security has become an overriding policy of the current administration and that, it will continue to be at least until January 2009 (Office of Homeland Security , 2002). Hence, a coordinated response to Homeland Security was good for interagency operations. That is why President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act into law on November 25, 2002 (National Public Radio, 2002). It has been touted to be the greatest reorganization of the federal government since the beginning of the Cold War. Several departments have been assigned to the new Secretary for Homeland Security. Some of the agencies transferred to the Homeland Security (DHS) include the United States Secret Service, National Infrastructure Protection Center, Energy Assurance Office, National Communications System, United States Coast Guard, Customs Service, Transportation Security Administration, Federal Protective Service, Functions of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Office of Domestic Preparedness, Selected functions of the Department of Agriculture, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, National Bio-Weapons Defense Analysis Center, Nuclear threat assessment programs, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Domestic Emergency Support Team, Metropolitan Medical Response System, National Disaster Medical System, Strategic National Stockpile of the Department of Public Health, Nuclear Incident Response Team, A new Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services. Further, this new department is arranged under five Under Secretaries for: (1) Information Analysis and Infrastructure, (2) Science and Technology, (3) Border and Transportation Security, (4) Emergency Preparedness and Response, and (5) Management Services (Oliver, 341-342). The purpose of this massive reorganization of course is to centralize government planning and response. The DHS has been charged to cooperate and coordinate with state and local governments. The CIA and FBI remain separate agencies. In the homeland security, the government is calling for full participation by state and local agencies. Hence, it is good as it seeks to develop cooperative relationships with existing police agencies and homeland defense managers need to negotiate power sharing arrangements with state and local police.

There’s nothing wrong in buying terms papers

On-line paper assistance services are a fast growing kind of business. When we browse the internet, a large number of sites are available in giving paper assistance services. This kind of business saturated the internet. These sites earn a great amount of money everyday and they continue to grow and reproduce in number. This has been one of the most serious issues that schools all over world are dealing. They deem that this kind of business is unethical and immoral.The academic world views this kind of business as a business that teaches the students to be dishonest and lazy in their academic performance instead of teaching them to be responsible and hard working for the attainment of their academic advancement. Indeed, most people view this business as an academic disease. This is a disease that slowly eats the integrity of the academic world and slowly erodes its ethical status, a disease that is very hard to battle. Most students nowadays are fond of ordering papers from the said businesses above.Students just visit sites and after a moment, their term papers are ready for submission. Instead of making their own paper, they would rather opt to order and buy a paper made by these sites in the internet because of the promise of getting a high standard that will result to goods for the students. Students don’t work hard and sweat anymore for their papers. Given the situation in today’s academic world, a question arises. Is it ethical to buy terms papers? This paper is a position paper regarding the posed question.The position of the writer is â€Å"There’s nothing wrong in buying term papers’. This paper will provide arguments regarding the claim and hopefully make the academic world view term papers’ buying as not a wrong act but rather an act of helping students achieve their dreams of a better and fulfilling life in the future. REASONS FOR THE CLAIM There’s nothing wrong in buying term papers in paper assistance bus inesses. This claim comes from the reason that this kind of business helps a lot of people achieve their dreams of a better life.This macro-level reason for the position will be backed up by three sub- reasons. First, students can save time in buying term papers and the saved time can be used in working in order to earn. Second, an academically poor student does not necessarily mean a poor employee in the future. Third, the assistance students get from paper assistance sites will most probably give them high grades which are vital in their employment application in the future. It is of a great fact that many students are not full-time students. Many students are also working to help support their own education.A lot of families are in financial crisis all over the world. Students’ as also workers give great relief to their families in terms of being able to find means to support their studies. In ordering term papers, students can save time and effort in making it themselves. After ordering, the student will just wait for the order to arrive. The trade in of costs of payment to sites where they order and the cost of students’ potential income as working is beneficial to the students. This statement will be further discussed below.Let us try to examine a baby- sitting job. A baby sitter earns $7 an hour. A student will spend time writing a 5- page paper for 10 hours including research of the topic. Ten hours is already a significant amount of time. A paper assistance business will probably charge their clients at an average of $8 per page. A 5-page paper will then cost $40. The income of an 8 hour work by a baby sitter is $ 56. In this situation, the benefit that a working student will get from ordering a term paper is $16 in quantity. $16 then is of big help in support for his daily needs.In the situation above, not only the student benefits from the income he gets but also it lightens the load of his parents in supporting his studies. This is a manifestation of a good son or daughter to his parents. The opportunity from saving time gives a student the means to continue his education and achieve his goal of graduating. The student will benefit financially from ordering a term paper and the financial benefit will be vital for his education and his life in general. An academically poor student does not necessarily mean a poor employee in the future.Many employees achieved the top in a certain company or organization without a very good college grades record to show. They just achieved their success by working hard and never ceasing the determination to succeed. Achieving success in working careers does not reside in having high grades in college but in the determination of the person to be on top of the company or organization, to be successful. Determination is the biggest element of success. To say that a student who is poor in academic performance will become poor in his performance as an employee is a fallacy.Many teacher s are caught up with looking at the academic performance of their students instead of looking at the attitude of perseverance and determination. Ordering a term paper will help poor academic performers have good grades. Having good grades will make them graduate and will give them an opportunity to be employed. Being an employee does not mean writing term papers again. Let’s try to look at one example. A teacher in philosophy advised his students to make a term paper regarding Plato’s definition of love.In an employee’s life, there can be no way that he can ever put Plato’s love in the context of the organization he is working and to the nature of his job. What is needed for an employee is not how wide is his understanding on Plato’s philosophy but on his performance in the nature of his job or career. Only if a student will become a teacher himself that he needs that kind of knowledge to be applied. Most people are caught up with grades as the bas is for judging the capacity of a person. Ordering terms papers which has the high possibility of having good grades will then be a way of a student to have good grades.Having good grades will produce a big possibility of good employment. A good employment status is what most or perhaps all people aim in life. Therefore, ordering term papers can help the students to get high grades and have a good employment in the future. There is nothing wrong ordering term papers. In the discussion above, ordering term papers only becomes an avenue for a lot of good opportunities and benefits. The act of ordering is a great means in achieving the dream of most people to graduate in college.The end in this situation is of good side. These businesses are means in making people achieve their dreams. This act is so vital in people’s lives that it must not be condemned and looked upon as unethical and immoral, rather, this kind of act must be looked upon as essential to many people’s live s. In helping people achieve their dreams, another good thing will be given birth. The family of the students will benefit from the success of their sons and daughters. Finding a good job for the students would mean earning a significant amount of money.Earning a significant amount of money would then give an employee a capacity of not only supporting himself but also in giving help to his parents. This is the aspect of life that people must look upon, the aspect of life that entails responsibility of a son to his parents, an aspect of life that is essential. Another good situation that will arise by benefiting from ordered term papers is the situation of giving the next generations a good life. Every student that became an employee will have his own family in the future. In having his own family in the future, he will surely raise children.These children need a good life for them to grow in a good environment. The ability of the children’s parents to give them a good life co mes from good employment. Good employment comes from good grades in college and good grades in college come from ordered term papers. The discussed reasons above are the one’s giving grounds to the claim that there’s nothing wrong in ordering term papers. The basis for my arguments is J. S. Mills’ â€Å"Utilitarianism†. His philosophy states that â€Å"the end justifies the means†. It is very true that ordered term papers will give birth to a lot of good effects.As long as the end benefits a lot of people and as long as it gives happiness to a greater number of people, the means are ethical. CONCLUSION Therefore, ordering term papers are only means to a desired end that will benefit a greater number of people, thus, making it a right thing to do. This is due to the fact that ordered term papers will give students a chance to get good grades. Having good grades will then produce a good employment opportunity for them. Being employed in a good earnin g job, they will be able to help their parents and give their future children a better environment to grow.BIBLIOGRAPHYFerrari, Joseph R. Impostor tendencies and academic dishonesty: Do they cheat their way to success?. Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal, 2005. Underwood, John, and Szabo, Attila. Academic offences and E-learning: individual propensities in cheating. British Journal of Educational Technology, 2003. Ethical Issues involving On-line Paper Services. 15 Dec. 2006

Responsibility Accounting

RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING Management Accounting – Responsibility Accounting Planning & control are essential for achieving good results in any business. Firstly, a budget is prepared and, secondly, actual results are compared with budgeted ones. Any difference is made responsibility of the key individuals who were involved in (i) setting standards, (ii) given necessary resources and (iii) powers to use them. In order to streamline the process, the entire organization is broken into various types of centers mainly cost centre, revenue centre, profit center and investment centre.The organizational budget is divided on these lines and passed on to the concerned managers. Actual results are collected and displayed in the same form for comparison. Difference, if any, are highlighted and brought to the notice of the management. This process is called Responsibility Accounting. RESPONSIBILITY CENTRE A FORMAL DEFINITION OF RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING Responsibility accounting involves t he creation of responsibility centres. A responsibility centre may be defined as an organization unit for whose performance a manager is held accountable.Responsibility accounting enables accountability for financial results and outcomes to be allocated to individuals throughout the organization. The objective is to measure the result of each responsibility center. It involves accumulating costs and revenues for each responsibility centre so that deviation from performance target (typically the budget) can be attributed to the individual who is accountable for the responsibility centre. (Colin Drury, Management and Cost Accounting, sixth edition) Chapter 12 I. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTINGA. Definition. – an accounting system that collects, summarizes, and reports accounting data relating to the responsibilities of individual managers. – an accounting system which tracks and reports costs, expenses, revenues, and operational statistics by area of respons ibility or organizational unit. – the system provides information to evaluate each manager on revenue and expense items over which that manager has primary control (authority to influence). – some reports contain only those items that are controllable by the responsibility manager. some reports contain both controllable and uncontrollable items; – in this case, controllable and uncontrollable]e items should be clearly separated. – the identification of controllable items is a fundamental task in responsibility accounting and reporting. B. Some Basic Requirements. – to implement a responsibility accounting system, the business must be organized so that responsibility is assignable to individual managers. – the various managers and their lines of responsibility should be fully defined. – the organization chart is usually used as a basis for esponsibility reporting. – if clear lines of responsibility cannot be determined, it is ve ry doubtful that responsibility accounting can be implemented effectively. – while decision-making power may be delegated for many items, some decisions (related to particular revenues, expenses, costs or actions) may remain exclusively under the control of top management. 2 – several items will be directly traceable to a particular manager's area of responsibility but not actually becontrollable by that manager. (Items such as property taxes. – Note: the controllability criterion is crucial to the content of performance reports for each manager. II. THE CONCEPT OF CONTROL. A. Absolute Control. – theoretically, a manager should have absolute control over an item to be held responsible for it. – absolute controllability is rare. – frequently, external or internal factors beyond a manager's control may affect revenues or expenses under that manager's responsibility. – the theoretical requirement regarding absolute control must often be compromised, since some degree of noncontrollability usually exists. the manager is therefore usually held responsible for items over which that manager has relative control. B. Relative Control. – relative control means that the manager has control over most of the factors that influence a given budget item. – the use of relative control as a basis for evaluation may lead to some motivational problems, since managers may be evaluated on results that may not reflect the manager's efforts or decisions. – most budget plans assign control on a relative basis in order to develop and use segmental budgets. III. RESPONSIBILITY REPORTS. A.Basic Features. – a feature of a responsibility accounting system is the varying amount of detail included in the reports issued to different levels of management. – although the amount of detail varies, reports issued under a responsibility accounting system are interrelated. – totals from the report on one level of management are carried forward in the report to the management level immediately above. 3 – data is appropriately summarized, filtered, and/or condensed as information flows upward to higher levels of management. – encourages or allows â€Å"management by exception. – two basic methods are applied to present revenue and expense data: (1) only those items over which a manager has direct control are included in the responsibility report for that management level. – any revenue or expense that the manager cannot directly control are not included. (2) include all revenue and expense items that can be traced directly or allocated indirectly to a particular manager, whether or not they are controllable. – in this approach, care must taken to separate controllable from noncontrollable items in order to differentiate those tems for which a manager can and should be held responsible. B. Desired Features. 1. Timely 2. Issued Regularly 3. Format should b e relatively simple and easy to read. – confusing terminology should be avoided. – results should be expressed in physical terms where appropriate, since such figures may be more familiar and understandable to managers. – to assist management in quickly spotting budget variances, both budgeted and actual amounts should be reported. – a budget variance is the difference between the budgeted and actual amounts of an item. – because variances highlight areas which require nvestigation, they are helpful in applying the management by exception principle. – reports often include both current and year-to-date analyses. IV. RESPONSIBILITY REPORTS — SEE TEXT FOR AN ILLUSTRATION. V. RESPONSIBILITY CENTERS. 4 A. Basic Concepts. 1. A Segment. – is a fairly autonomous unit or division of a company defined according to function or product line. – function: marketing, production, finance, etc. – product line: shoe department, el ectrical products, food division. 2. A Responsibility Center. – is a segment of an organization for which a particular xecutive is responsible. – there are three types of responsibility centers: (1) expense (or cost) center. (2) profit center. (3) investment center. B. Expense (Cost) Centers. – a responsibility center incurring only expense (cost) items and producing no direct revenue from the sale of goods or services. – managers are held responsible only for specified expense items. – the appropriate goal of an expense center is the long-run minimization of expenses. – short-run minimization of expenses may not be appropriate. C. Revenue Centers – managers are held responsible for revenues (sales) only. managers of such centers also responsible for controlling expenses of unit as well. D. Profit Centers. – a responsibility center having both revenues and expenses. – the manager must be able to control both of these cat egories. 5 – controllable profits of a segment are shown when expenses under a manager's control are deducted from revenues under that manager's control. – an expense center can be converted into a profit center by the utilization of transfer prices. – i. e. , via the use of transfer prices, â€Å"artificial revenues† can be generated for an expense center as it harges other organizational units of the company for its services or product. E. Investment Centers. 1. Basic Characteristics. – a responsibility center having revenues, expenses, and an appropriate investment base. – the manager in charge of an investment center is responsible for and has sizable control over revenues, expenses, and the investment base. – the two most common ways for evaluating the performance of such a center are : (1) ROI (return on investment. ) (2) Residual Income. 2. Determining the Investment Base to be used in ROI calculations. – it is a tricky matter. two key issues which must be resolved in determining the value of the investment base are (1) which assets should be included, and – key question: are the included assets actual controlled by the division managers? (2) how those assets should be valued. – Major alternative: – Original Cost. – Book Value (original cost less accumulated depreciation to date. ) – Replacement Cost. 6 – Note: which ever choices are applied, managers will be motivated in some direction. – companies prefer to evaluate segments as investment centers because the ROI criterion facilitates performance comparisons between segments.

People's Health as the Most Important Think in Their Life Essay - 1

People's Health as the Most Important Think in Their Life - Essay Example Life is not all about living and breathing only; it is rather about doing something, leaving at least some imprint in the lives of other people and making a difference. In other words, it is the accomplishments, even minor ones, which are important and meaningful when it comes to defining what one has reached in life. I have always felt that my mission in life is helping other people. Perhaps, like any other person, at first, I did not know what exactly I should do so that my mission is fully accomplished. With the course of time, as I learnt more about the world and my place in it, the picture started taking shape. As a result, today I am going to apply as a transfer student to Tufts University to get a major degree in biology and then hopefully join a medical school there and accomplish my degree as a doctor. Being a doctor means helping people to deal with the most important thing in their lives, which is their health. However, I see myself not in a clinic in my own consulting roo m but rather working and trying hard to lend a helping hand to people who face harsh problems they cannot overcome on their own, such as Ebola virus epidemic in Africa. Coming to the rescue to those who suffer from dramatic war wounds in the Middle East is the task I have set for myself as well. Although nobody can predict what will happen in the future, and I am not an exception from this rule of life, I hope my efforts will not be barren and I will find a place in the world so that I can really make a difference.

The Twentieth Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Twentieth Century - Essay Example Not only does Kathe continue to teach art, she also explores different forms of art such as sketching, sculptures and self portraits. After spending a life dedicated to art, Kathe passes away just before the end of the war in 1945. Answer – Kathe’s prints and her drawings allow viewers to feel the emotion that she was portraying. Many of her pieces have a strong feeling and an apparent view of what she is trying to convey. Manu of Kathe’s prints and drawings capture real life situations. Her self -portraits are very satisfying and capture what many may have been feeling during that time. Her drawings are an exact match as to what was happening in the early 1900’s, as they show war, fear and sadness that many felt. Although a large portion of her work focuses on sadness in life, her art that shows life’s happiness is able to capture life’s most treasured moments. Many sculptures and drawings radiate life, happiness and joy. Answer- Although many of Kollwitz’s art are breathtaking, the piece that I have the strongest reaction to is the Mà ¼tter, 1919. This drawing seems to represent a lot of feeling. Each person in the drawing has their own expression. The expression is different for each individual but still portrays the same message. Some elements in the piece that allow me to have such a strong reaction are the way the adults are holding the children. They have a look of determination as well as fear while they protect their children. I respond to the piece so greatly as it represents what many families were going through during that era and it is an interpretation of real life. 1. Engage Pollock’s statement that â€Å"the modern painter cannot express this age †¦ in the old forms of the Renaissance or any other past culture.† What in this picture speaks specifically to mid-twentieth-century American culture? Answer- The statement made by Jackson is an accurate statement and example of why Jackson has taken on a

Marketing Strategy of UKs Leading Provider of Mobile Phones and Research Paper

Marketing Strategy of UKs Leading Provider of Mobile Phones and Broadband - Research Paper Example Even though O2 enjoys a leading positions are cell phone and broadband provider, it still needs to update its policies in order to remain ahead of the competition. Due to favourable policies towards the telecommunication sector in UK, competition has grown strong and diverse in the country. This research attempts to explore the current marketing strategy of O2 and find issues with these strategies in order to develop improved strategies for the company. Importance of the Research This research is particularly helpful in creating an understanding for the marketing strategies of O2 and how it managed to develop such a strong customer base and reach. This research will help students of marketing in understanding the practical implications of the theories and concepts that they learned in the course as applied to a real case example. This research would also be helpful for not just students but also business leaders. It would particularly help O2 as it would not just summarize their current marketing direction but also provide solutions for future directions based on the feedback and information provided by current and potential users of the company. This research would also be helpful for the competitors of O2 in order to analyze the competitor landscape and to understand why O2 is progressing as one of the largest telecommunication companies in UK.

CASE STUDY # 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# 1 - Case Study Example However, some children may accurately develop these abilities but still have symptoms of language disorder. The speech disorders without known causes are usually referred to developmental language disorder. Nonetheless, numerous agents including brain injury, developmental problems, hearing loss, autistic spectrum disorder, and learning disabilities, may cause the language disorder in children (The New York Times 01). Notably, each agent has its unique symptoms, system of diagnosis, and treatment. Cori Williams, the national president announced during the Federal Lections of the year 2007 lobbied a national campaign against speech disorder among children. William wanted the speech pathology to be discussed extensively and sufficiently so that the government could adopt the Speech Pathology as an Australia’s policy (Speech Pathology Australia 01). The main areas that this public policy aimed at addressing included the functions of the speech pathology services to children with speech and language disorders. William also wanted the improved access of pathology services to children in remote areas. Finally, it lobby called for extended pathology services within the Medicare Allied Health Initiative (Speech Pathology Australia 01). There numerous exams and tests that are often conducted in children to determine the type of speech disorder they might be suffering. In some cases, a speech disorder in a child may be traced from the medical history of the child’s family (Simms 432). In such a case, it may be revealed that the child’s close relative might have suffered speech and language problems. Moreover, a child who might be suspected to be suffering from language or speech disorder can be taken for standardized expressive and receptive language tests. During this test, a language and speech neuropsychologist or therapist will be able to determine the same. Additionally,

Change management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Change management - Assignment Example People develop new initiatives, new projects, and new technologies, which are all meant for improvement, or for solving problems. Change is experienced at various levels, including the personal and the group level. Therefore, in this case, companies are places where change will be experienced in form of organizational change. Although change is a good concept, this might result in detrimental effects, if it is not well managed. Therefore, the skills and knowledge about change management are important for individuals and organizations today in order to experience a successful transition. This semester, through different class activities, I have learnt and gathered great and diverse knowledge about the concepts of change and change management. I have learnt about these concepts in greater depths, including the different theories of change management. In addition, I have practiced reflections on change and organizational change, based on my personal experiences. All these have been help ed to shape my perspective on change and change management, thus built my personal philosophy of managing change. This essay is a reflection of important insights and knowledge about change management, which I have acquired during this semester. ... Companies today are faced with high competition in the market, thus they have to compete favorably, in order to remain productive. For favorable competition, these have to adopt new strategies, which will make them have a competitive advantage in the market. The new strategies might involve the employees in the company or the business processes, including technology, employee roles, among others, and this will call for the employees to adjust to the new processes. Today, there are cases of employees, who have showed reluctance in adopting changes in their companies, while others have shown adherence. This means that employees will respond to change in a company differently (Hiatt & Creasey 2003). On the other hand, Beerel (2009) notes that some professionals lack sufficient knowledge on change management, thus, have failed to effect change in their companies successfully. People hold different views and perspectives about the academic knowledge and theories of change management. Howe ver, during this I have come to appreciate the importance of the insightful views of various scholars about change and change management. This includes different models and theories, which scholars have developed to help explain the process of change and change management. With regard to the current theories on change and change management, I have taken special interest in the scholarly work of Dr. John Kotter. Being a professor at the Harvard Business School, I consider this to prove that he has diverse knowledge on issues in business, including change management. Among his 18 books about leadership, I find â€Å"Leading Change† (1995) and â€Å"The Heart of Change† (2002) to be more relevant to the topic of change management, as these

The influence of risk attraction and risk aversion in the adoption and Thesis

The influence of risk attraction and risk aversion in the adoption and diffusion of the extreme sports - Thesis Example As contemporary society has become preoccupied with safety and certainty, risk has steadily become a sinister phenomenon. Society has become quite obsessed with reducing risk and uncertainty that activities not directly approved by the mainstream society are immediately considered disagreeable. This essay discusses the influence of risk attraction and risk aversion in the adoption and diffusion in extreme sports. In sport, risk refers to the likelihood of actual, physical danger. In extreme sports like big wave surfing, snowboarding, and base jumping this has been assumed to indicate extremely high levels of risk, an extremely high possibility that something bad will happen, and a significant possibility of death (Kerr, 2005). Hence involvement in extreme sports has been deemed undesirable and deviant. Reasons for engagement in extreme sports are most frequently associated with the idea of ‘adrenaline rush’ or a craving to take socially undesirable and pathological risks (Cecile & Laurendeau, 2010). The hypothesis is that risk functions as a driving force for partakers with little talent but a frantic desire to hook up with the image of prestige related to extreme sports. In a culture where in taking needless risks is generally viewed as wild, irresponsible, ridiculous, and irrational, there appears to be something of a pattern toward the growing recognition of risk and uncertainty in leisure activities. In sport, there is substantial proof that risk taking is integral to numerous sporting activities. The concept of edgework by Lyng (1990) views intentional risk taking as testing the limitations of one’s capacity while sustaining sufficient control to effectively balance the limit between uncertainty and certainty. In the literature on the reason for this edgework tendency, the sensation-seeking attribute, described as the â€Å"seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense experiences† (Cecile & Laurendeau, 2010, p. 129), has been e xtensively studied. Many outdoor activities have been reported to draw people who have high levels of sensation seeking attributes. The tendency to seek excitement, adventure, and arousal may accurately shed light on why individuals with high levels of sensation seeking attributes take part in extreme sports. Risk Attraction and Risk Aversion in Extreme Sports Several theorists argue that risky activities provide an escape from a society that is ever more ‘constricted by comfort’ and risk-averse (Moran, 2004, p. 60). This assumption states that some individuals feel too much pampered by the materialistic conveniences of modern society and thus look for exciting, risky activities in an attempt to break out of too much comfort. As contemporary life â€Å"is now tame and increasingly controlled† (Moran, 2004, p. 60), some individuals seek risk in outdoor activities. Hence, the need to take risks may signify an intentional reaction against the ordinary and risk-avers e daily living. Even though this theory is exploratory, it appears likely that estranged individuals may experience a stronger sense of awareness when they are in the verge of death or serious injury (Pain & Pain, 2005). In fact, Schrader and Wann (1999 as cited in Moran, 2004, p. 62) claimed that one way of attaining a semblance of power over one’s life is by facing death through participation in risky activities. Another

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs Essay

The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs - Essay Example This "The Ethics of Marketing Prescription Drugs" essay outlines the effect that drug's advertisement has. Seeing these kinds of commercials not only convince the watcher that they are sick, but that they must get themselves medicated before they waste any more time in their suddenly felt misery. "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information†. ... "The best contributions to such debates [regarding the extent of influence the media has over the public] suggest the complex, negotiated and often indirect nature of media influence, but of one thing there can be no doubt; the media do have an influence" Hesmondhalgh 3). By playing on the already weakened state of the viewer who is experiencing any of these symptoms, advertisements such as this are unethically misleading about the cause of their suffering as well as the instantaneous results they will experience once medicated. By encouraging people to talk to their doctor about taking this drug, the advertisers for Paxil give the viewer the impression that they are more informed about their illness and its potential treatments than their doctor. Rather than openly acknowledge the symptoms listed may be caused by a number of factors, this information is read through quickly, if at all, during the 30 second segment of disclaimers and identified risk factors associated with the drug. â€Å"The average person cannot adequately research all the scientific studies done to evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs. Patients, therefore, find themselves requesting prescription drugs based on advertisements with little knowledge of all the relevant medical information† (ProCon, 2010). At the same time, this advertisement wears away at the viewer’s trust in their medical professional, particularly when they see corresponding promotional material in the doctor’s office. â€Å"Patients seeing prescription drug ads can lose trust in doctors and the medical establishment when it seems that the medical community (including pharmaceutical companies) is more interested in taking

Professional Credo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professional Credo - Essay Example I have come to realize that this is a rather significant and influential value in the course of the interaction between people. In a school setting, this value is portrayed through the interactions of educators with each other and with the students. I believe that for a system to function properly it is of the essence for respect to be existent between the various stakeholders that keep the institution alive. This is because respect is an element, which is two-way. One of the most controversial issues which educators are faced with, and one, which brings about the questioning of respect is when a student means to differ with what the educator is presenting. The notion in this case is that the educator is mostly right in almost all the occasions. For starters, it is significant to note that respect for other people’s opinions is something, which is highly valued in a particular setting. For this reason, an educator has to be in a position to take in and respect what another par ty, particularly a student may pose. Teaching is defined as the cause of knowing something. In this case, the teacher imparts knowledge on the students. This, however, is not to say that the teacher necessarily knows everything. There are those elements which the teacher does not know and on the other hand, there are those elements which the students may have some knowledge of in comparison to the teacher. The one thing, which will make these two parties come to agreement with each other, is the element of respect in them. Respect is something, which I will hold with high esteem in the course of my interaction with the various people in the school. I would not like to disrespect a person because equally I would not like them to disrespect me. I believe that if the students respect each other, they will be in a position to exercise this same respect in other areas, say their education, for example (Noddings, 2010). They will be in a position to see how important this education is. Co mpassion In the course of the teaching profession, there are various instances in which the teacher will get to encounter situations that will demand compassion on the part of the tutor. This is especially in the course of their interactions with their students. There are those students who will be on the wrong in some instances. The true test of compassion on the part of the teacher will be portrayed in the way he or she will handle such students. A case example in this case may be an issue to do with a child who has not carried out his or her assignment majorly because of some upheavals at his or her home. This, as child psychology establishes, is something, which may have some rather devastating effects on the child in question. How will the teacher handle the case of such a child? This is especially if the teacher is punishing other children who have not done the assignment. I believe that compassion is something, which automatically comes up on the part of the teacher majorly a s a result of the situation which he or she may be in. The day-to day activities that are involved with the teaching profession pose situations where the teacher has to exercise compassion (Pierce & Newstorm, 2006). This is especial

Oslo’s Important Person Essay Example for Free

Oslo’s Important Person Essay Most of the world greatest and famous people who have had a role to play in the shaping of history have had certain things associated with them. In Oslo there are three important articles that are displayed that has been an important part in the History of Oslo. Of these is Fram, the ship that brought the famous Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen to the seas of the Atlantic. Nansen is considered a famous Norwegian who was a brilliant statesman, a courageous humanitarian and an adventurous explorer who sought the betterment of mankind. Nansen was born in Store-Froen, near Oslo, on October 10, 1861. He attended a pre-college school in Oslo, and in 1880, he was admitted to the University of Oslo. Nansen loved the outdoors and he chose to study zoology with the expectation that it will enable him to enjoy the outdoor life. In 1882, Nansen decided to join a voyage to Greenland waters. While in the Greenland waters, Nansen was attracted to the mighty ice cap of the island and an idea struck him that he can cross it starting not from the well-traveled west coast, but from the east coast. Nansen then led an expedition to try his idea. In August 15, 1888 he and his six and crews left Oslo and by September 5 they were able to reach Ameralik Fjord after facing intense struggles with storms and cold. At the settlement of Godthab of the arctic, Nansen was able to study the way of life of the Eskimo. Nansen returned home in May 1889. In 1890 Nansen convinced the Norwegian Geographical Society of the fact that â€Å"the ice of the polar sea drifted from Siberia toward Spitsbergen†. Spitsbergen is the largest island in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard which is only 600 miles from the North Pole. To prove his theory, â€Å"he proposed to build a ship of such a shape that it would be lifted but not crushed when caught by the ice. He proposed to let this ship freeze in off eastern Siberia in order to be carried from there across the Arctic Ocean to Spitsbergen by the currents†. This kind of plan was considered hazardous but the Norwegian Parliament granted two-thirds of the estimated expenses of the expedition and the other financial needs was given by King Oscar II and other private individuals. The ship was called Fram and it sailed from Oslo on June 24, 1893. After enduring bitter winter cold in the arctic regions, Nansen and his crew left Fram freezing in ice On March 14, 1895. Nansen and his companions then continued on northward by riding sleds and stayed on the northern island of Frederick Jackson, named after a British Arctic explorer, from August 26, 1895 to May 19, 1896. Luckily on their way to Spitsbergen they encountered Frederick Jackson and his party of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition and they sailed back to Norway aboard Jackson’s ship windward on June 17 1896 and waited for the Fram in Spitsbergen. True to his theory, the Fram drifted to Spitsbergen. Nansen and his crew then sailed to Oslo aboard the Fram and was met with warm welcome on September 9, 1896(â€Å"Nansen† 1). Upon his return, Nansen became a professor of zoology and in 1887 he submitted a paper entitled â€Å"The Structure and Combination of Histological Elements of the Central Nervous System† that earned him a degree of doctor of Philosophy in University of Oslo. Nansen was also interested in physical geography and he helped established the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. As a true scientist, Nansen reported scientific studies with regards to his expeditions. During 1900 to 1914 Nansen was able to make sea explorations of the Norwegian Sea, Azores Sea and Barents and Kara Sea of the arctic. Due to these sea explorations he was able to improve the instruments used for oceanography and he discovered how deep and bottom water are formed (â€Å"Nansen† 2). Later in his life, Nansen became interested in politics and in1905 he participated in a lively discussion regarding the separation of Norway from Sweden. He believed that Norway should not be restrained in exercising its political and economic freedom. When Norway was granted independence he was appointed Minister of London and in 1917 during World War I he was appointed as head of Norwegian Commission to the United States wherein he successfully convinced US to allow Norway to import supplies for the war. And when the League of Nations was created in 1920 Nansen was chosen to head the Norwegian delegation. League of Nations then appointed Nansen to bring home an approximately 500,000 the prisoners of war from Russia. Although USSR did not recognize the League of Nations, Nansen was able to negotiate e with them personally and in September 1922, 427, 886 prisoners of war from German and Autro-Hungarian armies were safely brought back to their respective countries. In August 1921 Nansen was asked by the International Committee of the Red Cross to head a campaign in bringing aid to the famine-stricken Russia. On August 27, Nansen successfully opened a relief headquarter in Moscow which he called â€Å"International Russian Relief Executive†. The League of Nations turned down his request for financial assistance but Nansen, undaunted, was able to raise the needed funds from private organizations. Due to his humanitarian achievements, an international agreement was signed in Geneva introducing the identification card for displaced persons known as the â€Å"Nansen passport† on July 5,1922. Later in 1931, after his death, the Nansen International Office for Refugees was created in Geneva which had become a safe haven for Jews when World War II broke out. In 1922 Nansen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. The Nansen International Office for Refugees, on the other hand, won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1938 (Nansen 3). Nansen dedicated his life in the furtherance of humanity. Works cited Compton’s Encyclopedia, vol. 17. USA: Compton’s Learning Company, 1995. Halsey, William. Colliers Encyclopedia, vol. 18. New York: Macmillan Educational Company, 1990. Lundestad, Geir. 15 March 2001. †The Nobel Peace Prize, 1901-2000†. Nobel Prize. 13 August 2007. http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/lundestad- Review/index. html â€Å"Nansen, Fridtjof. Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2007. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 15 August 2007 http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9054786 â€Å"Off the Beaten Path† June 10, 2004. Virtual Tourist. 12 August 2007. http://www. virtualtourist. com/travel/Europe/Norway/Oslo_Region/Oslo-214570/ Off_the_Beaten_Path-Oslo-BR-1. html â€Å"Oslo: City Insider†. 1999-2006. Marriot. 12 August 2007. http://www. marriot. com/city-guide/city-verview. mi? cityID=97guideType=history â€Å"Oslo, Norway†. 2006. Bradmans Europe. 12 August 2007. http://bradmans. com/europe/oslo/background â€Å"Oslo†. The New Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 24. 5th ed. USA: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. , 1991.

Importance of Culture Essay

Importance of Culture Essay Introduction: Culture is the characteristic of group of people defined by everything such as language, religion, lifestyle etc. Different people in different societies have different culture but they also have some similarities. The culture varies in different things such as clothes, foods, religion and many others. Culture is the identity of a group of people living in specific place; they have their own sketch of life what the culture says they follow that. We have seen that a lot of people do some specific thing they first thought about their culture, what my culture says on this occasion. Especially on the occasion of wedding, and some other celebrating days they follow strictly their culture. Those who do not follow their culture or do some changes in that, they havent give any values to them because they are not following their religion. Different people define culture in different ways, for example Culture: learned and shared human patterns or models for living; day- to-day living patterns, these patterns and models pervade all aspects of human social interaction. Culture is mankinds primary adaptive mechanism1. Another author says that Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.2. from these definitions it is clear that both explains the same idea but in different words, says that culture is first learned after learning it is then shared so its a common fact that the younger first learn the culture from their elders and when these young become elders they transfer it to the next generation. But the culture learned it includes all the aspects of human interaction and thus it become the mankinds adoptive mechanism. In the second definition the author says that the culture is the programming of mind so it includes everything related with the mind programming and because of these different minds programming different group of people distinguish from each others. Characteristics: Culture has its own characteristics; we will discuss some of its characteristics here. Learnt Shared Social Continuous Adaptive Varies Learnt: As we discussed earlier that culture are learnt from their elders, culture is not the thing you study for it and you know it but it is just the process you pass from it, after that you will know about the culture. It is just like the thing that inherited in someone nature. All action the action we do like eating, dressing wearing ornaments etc is the result of culture we learned. One author says about learning culture Babies and children learn about their culture by watching their parents and close family. They copy behavior they have seen and adopt different roles3 and thats fact that babies and children learned culture by watching their parents and close family and then they apply these different roles in their Daily life and thus adapt their culture. Shared: Culture is something that is shared among groups of people. It is not the thing that someone posses it individually. Culture is always transferred through sharing so it mean that for transferring the culture the sharing is must. The sharing of culture refers to the term called enculturation according to author Process of learning culture is called enculturation4. Culture is shared in many ways; the main way for transferring the culture is the language. Language is the form of social communication and the knowledge is transferred through group discussion, public speaking and informal communication. The second way is the use of communication technologies nowadays like TV, DVD, internet etc play also important role in sharing the culture. These modern technologies have exposed every culture to the whole world. Social: Culture is social it is not the individual phenomena. it is the product of society and originates and grows through social interaction. Something is differentiable to us through comparison, so for distinguishes culture we have to compare it with some other then we will know about all aspects of that culture therefore the culture must be social and without it there is no concept of culture. One author says that culture can be thought of as the normative order, operating through operational and social influence, that guide and constrains the behavior of people in collectives5 .so from above statement it is clear that culture is the overall thought in a normative order, and these thoughts are pass through several operational and social influences, it means that their also occur some changes in culture but these changes are collectively and thus people of that culture adopt their behavior to the culture. Continuous: Culture is the continuous process, Culture is growing whole which includes in itself, the achievements of the past and present and makes provision for the future achievements of mankind. Culture is the result of past and present changes that occur in it, and thus it absorb that changes in itself and the culture become the result of past and present experiences and the process continue to next generation and so on. Hence some sociologists like Lotion called culture the social heritage of man6. Adaptive: Culture is always adaptive, even changes occur in culture but is very slow process and generally it is adaptive to all the people associated with that culture. when their occur some changes in the culture then at the same time people become use to with it and thus they feel nothing about their culture even people of other cultures will says anything about that culture but the people of that culture they are adapt with it. One author says about it that The biological modifications and adjustments are always flexible to adapt even in the harsh conditions of the environment7.it means that the changes occur in the culture is flexible, easy for everyone to follow. Varies: Culture always varies. All the elements of culture like dressing, ways of eating, speaking etc varies from society to society. In every culture there always changes occur in some interval of time, almost the changes speed is very slow but we never say that culture is not variable. Types of culture: There are several types of culture: Material culture Dressing Food Buildings Non-material culture Language Family Religion Education Material culture: Material culture includes all those things that people creates and gives meaning to it. Material culture include lot of things, some of them are given below: Dressing: Dressing is the important thing in culture. It identify the cultural society, for example when a stranger from other country come to Pakistan and he know little about here culture dressing so he will definitely identify the place. Every culture gives most importance to their culture. They did not appreciate those who are not wearing their own cultural dress. Gradually the dressing importance is also disappearing from the people. There a lot of people when they goes to the other cultural society, they adopt that and forget about their culture. According to my survey I have done some days ago a lot of people say that we are not giving so much importance to our culture. Nowadays the culture is changing so much fast because of this reason that the people not giving so much importance to their culture, especially dress. Food: According to the Colombia university press everything having to do with foodÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ its capture, cultivation, preparation, and consumptionÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ represents a cultural act8 so definitely food when reach to us first it pass from different stages like its cultivation, every culture has its own process of cultivation, capturing and preparation. This mean that food is also one of the important part of the material culture. Buildings: Building means construction. Building also plays important role in culture identity. Different cultures have different type of buildings. Some cultures have big houses while some have small. There are also some cultural people who dont construct houses also, all life they pass in different places. Usually the cultural people from rural areas have big houses while those living in the city have small houses. The reason may be in rural areas the population is so much low and the place available for the house is very cheap as compare to the city. May be of this reason this culture is raised in the rural areas. Non-material culture: Non-material culture consists of thoughts and behavior that people learn as part of the culture they live in. It includes language, rules, customs, family, religion or beliefs, values, and knowledge. We will discuss some of them; Language: Language is one of the most important forms of material culture, without language there is no concept of culture. Different cultures have different speaking of language. Even when the language is same between the two cultures but still there will be difference in speaking and one will easily difference between them. Sometime because of cultures a large number of cultures are treated as one culture, for example in Pakistan there is a lot of cultures but still to the out countries they treat as just like one culture and is known as Pakistani culture. Even subcontinent is also treated as one culture but this in a specific occasion for example Asia is the largest subcontinent but the countries outside the Asia also says the words like Asian culture and we says the European culture or African culture. Language is the root cause of culture. Humans learn their culture through language, the parents first learned language to the kids after that they gradually also learn their culture. Family: Family is one of the most important concept in the culture. Different cultures define family in different ways. Some says that those who have a blood relation with you is your family member, other says that only your wife and kids are included in your family. According to an author Anthropologists say a cultures biological and marital kinship rules and patterns of reciprocal obligations define family9, the definition varies of different cultures. The people from rural background define family in a large sense they include all of their relatives in the family and those from urban background define family in a little narrow sense as compared to the urban background people. Religion: Religion is the most important in cultural society. In most of the culture the religion is very respectful to all of the culture members and they also strictly obey their religion. And the most respectful religion among all the culture is Islam. Those cultures that have Islam as religion they apply the order of Islam in their daily life and mostly these people led a very happy life without much resources. According to my survey a lot of my audience says that they follow their religion strictly and says five time prayers which is the most important thing as considered to Islam, and those audiences whose religion was other than Islam they mostly says that we are not so much following our religion. Education: Education also play important role in building a cultural society. Education is the basic need of human. Without education humanity is not possible, therefore almost all the cultures gives importance to education and they possess only education for their success. But still there are also so cultures which do not gives focus to education. Some cultures give importance only to boys education and not to female. The number of these types of cultures is decreasing slowly. In general most cultures gives importance to education and they love the educated people of their culture. Importance of culture: Culture has great importance. Culture is the identity of the nation, without culture the society is impossible. An author says about the importance of culture that culture is the set of transmitted and learned behavior patterns, beliefs, institutions and all other products of human work and thought that characterize the functioning of particular population, profession, organization or community10, so the only representative of the particular community or population is the culture. Culture is the basic root of any community which gives them the ways of life. The culture provides solution to the critical problem that is faced to community. Culture teach us to think for the whole nation not individually, it provide the concept of family, nation etc. References Damen, L. (1987). Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension on the Language Classroom. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Hofstede, G. (1984). National cultures and corporate cultures. In L.A. Samovar R.E. Porter (Eds.), Communication Between Cultures. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. http://open.jorum.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/123456789/13597/025/access/culture.html Understanding culture (DatoDr Sothi Rachagan) (Kotter and heskatt, 1992, reusseau, 1990) http://www.preservearticles.com/201107048767/1321-words-short-essay-on-the-culture.html http://savior.hubpages.com/hub/Characteristics-of-Culture food is culture (Massimo montanari nov. 2006) The Definition of Family in a Free Society (Gordon Neal Diem, D.A. 1997) hofstede G. culture and organization. New York: MC graw-hill; 1997

Data Processing in Big Data Centres Cost Reduction Approach

Data Processing in Big Data Centres Cost Reduction Approach A Cost Reduction Approach for Data Processing in Big Data Centers R. Reni Hena Helan ABSTRACT- The tremendous development in cloud data processing leads to the high load on computation, storage and communication in the data storage centers, which influence the data center providers to spend a considerable expenditure in data processing. There are three features leading to this increased expenditure, ie., job allotment, data positioning and data movement. In this paper, these three features are taken into consideration and an approach for cost reduction for cloud data processing is proposed. I propose a Markov Chain Model to analyze the task completion considering the data transmission and its computation. Keywords: Markov Chain Model, Data Center, Cloud data, Data Positioning, Data Processing. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the outburst of data all over the world has led to the demand of data processing in the data storage centers. This demand further leads to the increase in the cost incurred in the computation and the communication resources. As predicted by Gartner, by 2015, 71% of the data storage center hardware utilization would be from the cloud data processing which will cross around $126.2 billion. So, it is of vital importance to analyze the cost reduction problem in cloud data processing in the data storage centers. Data Center resizing (DCR) has been proposed to reduce the cost involved in data processing by adjusting the number of activated servers through task placement[1]. The Cloud Data Service Architecture mainly consists of distributed file systems which is helpful in distributing the data and its copies all over the data centers for an efficient load balancing and high performance. Some studies focused on reducing the communication cost by taking steps to place data on the servers where the input data exist to solve the remote data loading problem. Even though there were many solutions proposed to solve the above issues, none of the solutions were helpful in providing a cost efficient big data processing due to few disadvantages. First one, being the wastage of resources for the data that is not often accessed. Second, being the transmission costs involved depending on the distances and the type of communication used between the data centers. Not all the data could be stored on the same server because of its high volume; it is a mandatory one to store few data into remote servers that would incur transmission cost. Transmission costs get increased proportionally with the number of communication links involved. To get rid of the above disadvantages, I consider the cost reduction for cloud data processing through a joint optimization approach of task placement and data positioning in the data centers. Every server may have only a few resources needed for each piece of data residing on it. The data will need more resources to carry out with its big data processing tasks. The main aim of this paper is to optimize the data positioning, task allocation, routing and DCR to minimize the overall computation cost involved. The contributions are briefed as follows, 1.This paper considers the cost reduction problem involved with the cloud data processing in the data centers by the joint optimization of data positioning, task allocation and routing. To explain the computation and the transmission involved with the data centers, the Markov Chain model has been used and the task completion time has been derived. 2. For cost reduction, three factors are taken into consideration. The first one is how to place data in servers and the second one is how to distribute the data and the third one is how to resize the data centers to achieve minimum cost operation. II. OTHER RELATED WORKS Cost Minimization in Server The data centers are distributed throughout the world to store huge volumes of data that are accessible to thousands of users. A data center consists of a large number of servers that consume much power. Few Million dollars were to be spent on electricity cost that is a rising problem leading to the increased operation cost. The best known mechanisms proposed that grabbed attention was the DCR that focused on energy management by the data centers. Liu et al.[2] examined the same issue by considering the delay with the network. Fan et. al [3] analyses on how much computing equipments can be hosted within a fixed power budget in a safer and an efficient manner. Data Management The main aspect of data management is the reliability and effective data positioning. Sathiamoorthy et al. [4] proposed a solution based on erasure codes that offered high reliability in comparison with the Reed-Solomon codes. Yazd et al[5] proposed a scheduling algorithm to improve energy efficiency in data centers considering the data locality properties. Data Placement Agarwal et al[6] gave a data placement approach for the geographically distributed cloud services by considering the bandwidth cost, data center capacity, etc. It analyzes the logs based on the data access types and the client locations. All the existing works either focus on the task allotment or on the data placement or on the data management. But this paper takes into consideration, the data positioning, the task allotment and the routing of data systematically. SYSTEM MODEL The geographically distributed data center topology is shown in Fig. 1. with all the data centers containing the same data are connected via switches. There are a set of data centers(D), and each data center d à Ã‚ µ D that consists of a set of servers Sd connected to the switch md à Ã‚ µ M having a local transmission cost of Cl . The local transmission cost Cl will be less than the data center transmission cost Cr. Le the whole system be modeled as a Graph denoted by G=(N,E) where, N is the vertex set that includes all the switches(M) and the servers(Sd) E is the edge set. The weight involved with the edges are represented as, w(u,v)= Cr , if u,v à Ã‚ µ M Cl, otherwise The data stored in geographically distributed data centers are divided into a set of chunks C. Each data chunk c à Ã‚ µ C has a size and its is normalized to the server storage capacity. For each chunk of data, there will be P copies available in the distributed system for the fault tolerance. ÃŽ »c be the average task arrival rate requesting for chunk c. Fig. 1. Data Center topology The task arrival in each server is considered as a Poisson Process. If the task is distributed to a data center where the data chunk does not reside, it will take some amount of time till the data chunk gets transferred to that data center. Each task should be replied with a response time of R. PROBLEM FORMULATION Data Placement and Task allocation constraints The binary variable ysc is used to refer to whether the data chunk c is placed on the server s. ysc takes the value 1 if the chunk c is placed in the server s and it takes the value 0 if the chunk c is not placed in the server s. In any distributed file system for each data, there are P copies of data chunks stored and the data stored in each server cannot go beyond the storage capacity. Any server is termed as an activated one(as), only if there are data chunks stored onto it or else tasks assigned to it. Data Loading Constraints For every data chunk c required by the server s, there are few external or internal data transmissions involved for which a routing procedure is devised. The Graph containing the servers and the switches is divided into three categories, 1. Source Nodes: These are the servers consisting of the data chunks 2. Relay Nodes : These nodes receive data from the source nodes and forward them to the  other nodes based on some routing technique. 3. Destination Nodes: These are the nodes that are receiving the data chunks. Each and every destination node will receive the data chunks only if does not have a copy of it. Cost Reduction The cost involved with the transmission of the data chunks could be minimized by choosing the parameters such as the ysc ,as , ÃŽ »c etc. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION The performance analysis of the joint optimization approach describes that the communication costs decreased if more tasks and data chunks were placed in the same data center. Further increase in the number of servers will not affect the data chunk distribution among them. Increased requests lead to more activated servers and more computation resources and the joint optimization approach tries to lower the server cost. This approach balances between the server cost and the communication cost. When the delay requirement is very small, many servers are activated to provide quality of service. And the server costs decrease as the delay constraints increases. CONCLUSION This paper explains the joint optimization approach of data positioning, task allotment and routing of  data to reduce the overall operational cost involved with the data centers that are geographically distributed. This approach reduced the computational complexity considerably. REFERENCES [1] L. Rao, X. Liu, L. Xie, and W. Liu , â€Å"Minimizing Electricity Cost: Optimization of Distributed Internet Data Centers in a Multi-Electricity –Market Environment,† in Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).IEEE,2010, pp. 1-9. [2] Z. Liu, M. Lin, A. Wierman, S.H. Low, and L.L. Andrew, â€Å"Greening Geographical Load Balancing ,†in Proceedings of International Conference on Measurement an Modeling of Computer Systems(SIGMETRICS. ACM, 2011,pp.233-244. [3] X. Fan, W. D. Weber, and L. A. Barroso, â€Å"Power Provisioning for a Warehouse-sized Computer,† in Proceedings of the 34th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ICA).ACM, 2007, pp.13-23. [4] M. Sathiamoorthy, M. Asteris, D. Papailiopoulos, A. G. Dimakis, R. Vadali, S. Chen, and D. Borthakur, â€Å"Xoring elephants: novel erasure codes for big data,† in Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, ser. PVLDB’13. VLDB Endowment, 2013, pp.325-336. [5] S. A. Yazd, S.Venkatesan, and N. Mittal, â€Å"Boosting energy efficiency with mirrored data block replication policy and energy scheduler,† SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev., vol.47, no.2, pp.33-40, 2013. [6] S. Agarwal, J. Dunagan, N. Jain, S. Saroiu, A. Wolman, and H. Bhogan, â€Å"Volley: Automated Data Placement for Geo-Distributed Cloud Services,† in the 7th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI), 2010,pp.17-32. [7] S. Govindan, A. Sivasubramaniam, and B. Urgaonkar, â€Å"Benefits and Limitations of Tapping Into Stored Energy for Datacenters,† in Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). ACM.,pp.341-352. [8] P. X. Gao, A. R. Curtis, B. Wong, and S. Keshav, â€Å"It’s Not Easy Being Green, â€Å" in Proceedings of the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication(SIGCOMM), ACM,2012.pp.211-222. [9] J. Cohen, B. Dolan, M. Dunlap, J. M. Hellerstein, and C. Welton, â€Å"Mad Skills : new analysis practices for big data,† Proc. VLDB Endow. Vol.2, no.2, pp. 1481-1492, 2009. [10] H. Sachnai, G. Tamir, and T. Tamir, â€Å"Minimal cost reconfiguration of data placement in a storage area network, â€Å"Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 460.pp.42-53, 2012.

Mens And Womens Changing Famiy Roles Essay -- Gender Role Conflict

It goes without saying: the family is the core of society. It's the core where values and characters are formed. All of us are aware of this fact. However, we may not be aware that it is within the family unit that the origin of women's oppression began. It began with the power struggle between man and woman. With the "nuclear family" in decline and the "dual-earner" family becoming the norm, it's no wonder that women's positions have changed radically. Although their positions in the family and work force are indeed changing, their workload, however, is not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With this radical change many issues can be addressed, particularly, to the women's role and how it has remained fairly constant over the years. A closer examination will look at the development of gender inequality within the family as a result of the ever-changing issue. A second issue that needs to be inspected is that the family roles have changed in regards to family make-up as women have moved into the work force. This growing capital effort to increase standards of living by pushing every family member into the paid labour force has taken a toll on the family unit. The final issue that will be investigated in this report is how the traditional sex roles have remained constant, even with women's ever-changing family position over the years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For decades, commencing back to the time when patriarchy was the "norm" and women were their husband's property, men have oppressed women. This ideology of patriarchy existed way before it was ever examined by sociologists and it was accepted as a natural or biological way of living. It wasn't until the 1960's when feminist groups began to explore patriarchy and at the same time began to exploit it, that patriarchy was established. Feminists at that time, and even still today, believe that patriarchy operates to achieve and maintain gender inequality and is the essential key to women's present subordination. Not only does patriarchy exist in the pubic domain of the paid labour force, but also in the private domain of the household, or better yet, the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With patriarchy by its side, gender inequality has developed into one of the biggest controversies amongst sociologists, feminist groups, and women. In modern day society women are working their way into the labour force, and "expanding their roles to include working outside the hom... ...des, and they will continue to do so until domestic work becomes a paid labour. Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blair, Sampson Lee and Daniel T. Lichter. "Measuring the Division Of Household Labour". Journal of Family Issues 12.1 (1991), 91-113. Kaufman, Gayle. "The Portrayal of Men's Family Roles in Television Commercials". Sex   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roles 41.5/6 (1999), 439-459.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luhaorg, Helen and Marilyn T. Zivian. "Gender Role Conflict: The Interpretation of Gender, Gender Role and Occupation". Sex Roles 33.9/10 (1995), 607-619. Lye, Daniel and Timothy J. Biblarz. "The Effects of Attitudes Toward Family Life and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gender Roles on Marital Satisfaction". Journal of Family Issues 14.2 (1993), 157-188. Mintz, Robert D. and James R. Mahalik. "Gender Role Orientation and Conflict as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Predictors of Family Role for Men". Sex Roles 34.11/12 (1996), 805-821.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pittman, Joe F., Wei Teng, Jennifer L. Kerpelman et al. "Satisfaction With Performance of Housework". Journal of Family Issues 20.6 (1999), 746-770. Sharpe, Mark J, Paul Heppner and Wayne A. Dixon. "Gender Role Conflict,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Instrumentally, and Well Being in Adult Men". Sex Roles 33.1/2 (1995), 1-18.

Dorothy Richardson Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Though acknowledged by literary circles as the first writer to use the stream-of-consciousness technique in her writing, Dorothy Richardson is not as widely recognized as the founder of this style. Her mannerisms and thought processes were affected for the rest of her life by her upbringing in a poverty-stricken family. Brought into the world in 1873, Richardson was destined for stereotypical feminine occupations: a tutor-governess in Hanover and London, a secretary, and an assistant. Her mother’s suicide in 1895 completely broke up the family, only adding to the need for Richardson to find a means of supporting herself. Fortunately, Richardson became involved with the socialists in the area, as well with the people living in Bloomsbury, and soon after she abandoned her secretarial work. She became involved in translations and freelance journalism as an introduction to the bohemian lifestyle; from there she met and married Alan Odel, a much younger man who was somewhat of a cult figure in bohemia at the time, with his waist length hair he wore wrapped around his head. Throughout her lifetime, Richardson published a large number of essays, short stories, poems, as well as sketches. Most famous is her Pilgrimage series, a thirteen novel project that was the first in literature to employ what Richardson preferred to call â€Å"interior monologues.† Pointed Roofs was the first novel in the series and consequentially, the first to introduce such a style of writing. She presented the story with a sense of immediacy, rather than from a retrospective view. Instead of telling narratives in the sense that the realists did, Richardson let the current moment monopolize the literature so that the present could prevail over the past. It... ... Hanscombe, Gillian E. The Art of Life: Dorothy Richardson and the Development of Feminist Consciousness. Athens: Ohio Universty P, 1983. Staley, Thomas F. Dorothy Richardson. Boston: Twayne, 1976. Winning, Joanne. The Pilgrimage of Dorothy Richardson . Wisconsin Press. 21 Mar. 2004 . Related Links: Women of the Left Bank http://home.sprynet.com/~ditallop/homepage.htm Modernism: American Salons http://www.cwru.edu/artsci/engl/VSALM/mod/ International Review of Modernism http://www.modernism.wsu.edu/ Eisenstein, Joyce, and the Gender Politics of English Literary Modernism http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/FINE/juhde/tiess931.htm â€Å"The Part Played by Women:† The Gender of Modernism at the Armory Show http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MUSEUM/Armory/gender.html

The Xerox Company Essay

They help many businesses to be able to function and communicate. Xerox is a family business. The CEO’s brother and husband both work for the company. However the fact that Xerox is a family business has in no way affected the CEO’s ability to make business or personal decisions. The company’s best interest is always her top priority. The ability to keep her personal and business life separate is a unique characteristic that all successful management staff posses. After watching the Xerox video and thinking about the characteristics for managerial decisions, made me have no envy for the CEO’s position. The typical characteristics of managerial decisions are lack of structure, uncertainty of risk, as well as conflict. In fact, the way the CEO obtained her position was full of uncertainty and I am sure there was conflict as well. The way the former CEO was forced out of office seemed to show a lack of structure with no contingency plan. There was a past scare of bankruptcy that may have future investors and employees questioning the structure of the company. The new CEO has made several positive moves for the company but is still forced to eliminate jobs to reduce costs. The CEO of Xerox is much like many other CEO’s of other large corporations, humble, down to earth and they value their company as well as their employees. They understand that each one of their decisions will affect the rest of the company and those who keep it running. Unfortunately as the CEO she was faced with having no other positive alterative to correcting the deficit other than eliminating positions. The CEO understood that to ensure the future of Xerox was protected that she must make changes immediately. She measured the risks and the consequences and felt that it was in the best interest of the company to merge. In the end Xerox was faced with a grim future and tough choices. The CEO showed her skills in the decision making process while remaining equal and ethical to all interested parties. We all learned that in a management roll, especially the role of a CEO is faced with nasty ugly decisions. Every choice that person makes can make or break another person’s life. Choices are not always easy nor do they always come with an immediate positive solution. This CEO was Xerox’s last chance to remain a successful company in the future. The company took a huge risk for a sinking company and it paid off!. Risk assessment at it’s finest.

Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll Essay

Experiment- Using the fertilizer is important for many gardeners as it helps their plants to grow strong and healthy plus fertilizers can be fairly expensive and not all work as predicted, also Gardeners only get one chance at either growing their crop or plants so it is essential for them to get the fertilizer right. This experiment will focus on 6 major fertilizer brands to find out which is the best- Research- Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen is a part of all living cells and is a necessary part of all proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in the synthesis and transfer of energy. Nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, the green pigment of the plant that is responsible for photosynthesis. Helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production and improving the quality of leaf and forage crops. Nitrogen often comes from fertilizer application and from the air (legumes get their N from the atmosphere, water or rainfall contributes very little nitrogen) Phosphorus (P) Like nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is an essential part of the process of photosynthesis. Involved in the formation of all oils, sugars, starches, etc. Helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; proper plant maturation; withstanding stress. Effects rapid growth. Encourages blooming and root growth. Phosphorus often comes from fertilizer, bone meal, and superphosphate. Potassium (K) Potassium is absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other mineral element except nitrogen and, in some cases, calcium. Helps in the building of protein, photosynthesis, fruit quality and reduction of diseases. Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer. Calcium (Ca) Calcium, an essential part of plant cell wall structure, provides for normal transport and retention of other elements as well as strength in the plant. It is also thought to counteract the effect of alkali salts and organic acids within a plant. Sources of calcium are dolomitic lime, gypsum, and superphosphate. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Calcium are all the essential nutrients usually added to help aide in the plants growth as when the plant grows it absorbs large proportions of each nutrient meaning that there will be near to none left, ending in a stunted growth, Gardeners and farmers add these nutrients to the ground to ensure there will always be enough for when the plant grows, the acidity of the soil is another reason why nutrients are added because the higher the acidic level of the soil the more nutrients will be lost. All fertilizers have a controlled release which ensures that they will last longer. Information on Fertilizers used- Urea- Urea has the highest concentration of nitrogen that a fertilizer can offer, it is composed of 50% Nitrogen, as it is usually Nitrogen that is absorbed the most by plants during growth. It is one of the basic fertilizers as it only offers one nutrient to the plants. Osmocote- Osmocote offers the most diverse and wide range of nutrients to plants, Osmocote is composed of Nitrogen, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Potassium and Calcium and also contains organic seed growing mix to help with faster seed growth. It also contains a wetting agent which ensures that it will stay moisturized for longer. Nitrophoska- Nitrophoska is the most environmentally friendly of all the fertilizers as the components wear off over a certain time into the soil leaving no traces or harm to the environment, it also is one of the few fertilizers that can be used on any plant. Nitrophoska contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. NPK Fertilizer- NPK fertilizer is the most commonly used and manufactured fertilizer as it contains the three essential nutrients for plant growth Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus. Due to its high domestic demand many plants are also able to have NPK Fertilizer used on them. Blood and Bone- Blood & Bone Based Fertilizer contains 65% blood and Bone meal with added animal manure (Nitogen-5. 4: Phosphorus4. 0: Potassium-0. 4). Blood and Bone contains the most organic matter of all the fertilizers, which gives the plant a larger leaf growth and can be used on a wide range of plants and trees. Control- A controlled test with only garden soil and no fertilizer to test and compare to the other fertilizers. Why choose Granular? Another important thing that needs to be discussed is why use Granular fertilizer out of a whole range of other fertilizer types. Reasons- Granular fertilizer can be weighted or measured more easily to ensure that one test doesn’t receive more fertilizer then the one next to it. Granular fertilizer is the cheapest form of fertilizer and it is ideal for indoor and pot plants. Granular fertilizer contains the most nutrients that a fertilizer can offer giving it the advantage over other fertilizers and saving on buying extras, Granular fertilizers also come wetting agents which ensures that it has water for longer. Granular fertilizers are much less harmful as they don’t contain micro bacteria or other harmful substances. And Granular fertilizers offer the widest variety to choose from giving the buyer of an option of what type of fertilizers to buy and which ones will suit their plants. Granular fertilizers are also time released, meaning that it allows nutrients to flow out of the granules and into the soil over time, meaning that the plant will have a constant supply of food and nutrients. Granular fertilizer were chosen to be used for this experiment as they offered a wider variety of advantage for plant growth, to wetting agents and that it was easiest to measure/ weight to give a fairer test. Bibliography http://feeco. com/2011/12/07/npk-fertilizer-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/- Information given on NPK fertilizer and its components, benefits and other facts. http://www. grahamturf. com/main/reference/images/liquid_vs_granular. pdf- Information about Granular Fertilizers, what they are good for, which plants they are good for and what they are made of. Http://www. incitecpivot. com. au/entec_nitrophoska_blue. cfm- Information given about Nitrophoska fertilizer and its components, benefits and other facts. http://www. incitecpivot. com. au/zone_files/PDFs/Urea_Factsheet.pdf- Information given about Urea fertilizer and its components, benefits and other facts. http://www. ncagr. gov/cyber/kidswrld/plant/nutrient. htm- Information given on the essential nutrients needed by plants and how the plants benefit from those nutrients. Http://www. scottsaustralia. com. au/media/MSDS/Osmocote-Plus-Organics-Plant-Starter-(120840)-1010. pdf- Information given on Osmocote fertilizer and its components, benefits and other facts. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fertilizer- Information on common fertilizers, their purpose and what they contain and why they contain it, basically a fact sheet on fertilizers http://www. yates. com. au/commercial/products/plant-food/organic-based/blood-bone-based-fertiliser/- Information given on Blood and Bone fertilizer and its components, benefits and other facts. Aim- To find out which common household granular fertilizer, and state which fertilizer those with phosphorus, nitrogen or other, promotes the fastest and healthiest growth in plants/grass in a controlled amount of time consisting of six weeks, by measuring and recording the growth of each plant over an allocated time period, and to record nutrients and water levels left in the plants every Week, to determine which fertilizer is the best.

Analysis †Mein Kampf Essay

Hitler’s contemporaries – Baldwin, Chamberlain, Herbert Hoover – seem pathetically fusty figures, with their frock coats and wing collars, closer to the world of Edison, Carnegie and the hansom cab than to the first fully evolved modern societies over which they presided, areas of national consciousness formed by mass-produced newspapers and consumer goods, advertising and tele-communications. By comparison Hitler is completely up-to-date, and would be equally at home in the sixties (and probably even more so in the seventies) as in the twenties. The whole apparatus of the Nazi super-state, its nightmare uniforms and propaganda, seems weirdly turned-on, providing just that element of manifest insanity to which we all respond in the H-Bomb or Viet Nam – perhaps one reason why the American and Russian space programmes have failed to catch our imaginations is that this quality of explicit psychopathology is missing. Certainly, Nazi society seems strangely prophetic of our own – the same maximising of violence and sensation, the same alphabets of unreason and the fictionalising of experience. Goebbels in his diaries remarks that he and the Nazi leaders had merely done in the realm of reality what Dostoevski had done in fiction. Interestingly, both Goebbels and Mussolini had written novels, in the days before they were able to get to grips with their real subject matter – one wonders if they would have bothered now, with the fiction waiting to be manipulated all around them. Hitler’s ‘novel’, Mein Kampf (Hutchinson, 1939) was written in 1924, nearly a decade before he came to power, but is a remarkably accurate prospectus of his intentions, not so much in terms of finite political and social aims as of the precise psychology he intended to impose on the German people and its European vassals. For this reason alone it is one of the most important books of the 20th century, and well worth reprinting, despite the grisly pleasures its anti-semitic ravings will give to the present generation of racists. How far does Hitler the man come through the pages of this book? In the newsreels Hitler tends to appear in two roles – one, the demagogic orator, ranting away in a state apparently close to neurotic hysteria, and two, a benevolent and slightly eccentric kapellmeister sentimentally reviewing his SS bodyguard, or beaming down at a picked chorus of blond-haired German infants. Both these strands are present in Mein Kampf – the hectoring, rhetorical style, shaking with hate and violence, interspersed with passages of deep sentimentality as the author rhapsodises to himself about the mystical beauty of the German landscape and its noble, simple-hearted peoples. Apart from its autobiographical sections, the discovery by a small Austrian boy of his ‘Germanism’, Mein Kampf contains three principal elements, the foundation stones, walls and pediment of a remarkably strong paranoid structure. First, there are Hitler’s views on history and race, a quasi-biological system which under-pins the whole basis of his political thought and explains almost every action he ever committed. Second, there are his views on the strict practicalities of politics and the seizure of power, methods of political organisation and propaganda. Third, there are his views on the political future of the united Germanies, its expansionist foreign policy and general attitude to the world around it. The overall tone of Mein Kampf can be seen from Hitler’s original title for the testament: A Four and a Half Years Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice: A Reckoning with the Destroyers of the Nazi Party Movement. It was the publisher, Max Amann, who suggested the shorter and far less revealing Mein Kampf, and what a sigh he must have breathed when Hitler agreed. Hitler’s own title would have been far too much of a giveaway, reminding the readers of the real sources of Hitler’s anti-semitic and racialist notions. Reading Hitler’s paranoid rantings against the Jews, one is constantly struck by the biological rather than political basis of his entire thought and personality. His revulsion against the Jews was physical, like his reaction against any peoples, such as the Slavs and Negroes, whose physique, posture, morphology and pigmentation alerted some screaming switchboard of insecurity within his own mind. What is interesting is the language in which he chose to describe these obsessions – primarily faecal, one assumes, from his endless preoccupa-tion with ‘cleanliness’. Rather than use economic, social or political arguments against the Jews, Hitler concentrated almost solely on this inflated biological rhetoric. By dispensing with any need to rationalise his prejudices, he was able to tap an area of far deeper unease and uncertainty, and one more-over which his followers would never care to expose too fully to the light of day. In the unanswerable logic of psychopathology, the Jews became the scapegoats for all the terrors of toilet-training and weaning. The constant repetition of the words ‘filth’, ‘vileness’, ‘abscess’, ‘hostile’, ‘shudder’, endlessly reinforce these long- repressed feelings of guilt and desire. In passing, it is curious to notice that Hitler’s biological interpretations of history have a number of striking resemblances to those of Desmond Morris. In both writers one finds the same reliance on the analogy of the lower mammals, on a few basic formulas of behaviour such as ‘struggle’, ‘competition’, ‘defence of territory’. There is the same simple schematic view of social relationships, the same highly generalised assertions about human behaviour that are presented as proven facts. Hitler talks without definition of ‘lower races’ in the same way that Morris refers to ‘primitive societies’ and ‘simple communities’. Both are writing for half-educated people whose ideas about biology and history come from popular newspaper and encyclopaedia articles, and whose interest in these subjects is a barely transparent cover for uneasy fantasies about their own bodies and emotions. In this preface, the translator of Mein Kampf describes it as written in the style of a self-educated modern South German with a talent for oratory. In this respect Hitler was one of the rightful inheritors of the 20th century – the epitome of the half-educated man. Wandering about the streets of Vienna shortly before the first World War, his head full of vague artistic yearnings and clap-trap picked up from popular magazines, whom does he most closely resemble? Above all, Leopold Bloom, his ostensible arch-enemy, wandering around Joyce’s Dublin at about the same time, his head filled with the same clap-trap and the same yearnings. Both are the children of the reference library and the self-improvement manual, of mass newspapers creating a new vocabulary of violence and sensation. Hitler was the half-educated psychopath inheriting the lavish communications systems of the 20th century. Forty years after his first abortive seizure of power he was followed by another unhappy misfit, Lee Harvey Oswald, in whose Historic Diary we see the same attempt by the half-educated to grapple with the information overflow that threatened to drown him.